Madam Jaibai, a Dalit Educationist

                                             Madam  Jaibai,  a Dalit  Educationist

                                                  (2May,1892 to 11Oct.-1964)

India is a country which was governed for centuries by Laws of Manu . Defining  duties of woman towards her husband  “ though he may be bereft of virtue, given to lust and totally devoid of good qualities, a good woman should always worship her husband like a god”.  For community living and follow feeling among  Hindu, enmity was made  permanent. As Manu asked the householders of the Brahmans, and Kshtriyas , Vaishyas with regard to Shudras. “Let him not dwell in a country where the rulers are Shudras,”(Ref  page 145 ,Chapter- 5  EMPOWERMENT OF chapter : iv dalit women and educational development  . In Hindu Society, a woman faced triple curse of caste, class and gender. In the free India the country got freedom but majority ruling class observed   and maintained old mentality of   hating on religious lines. Manu divested  woman all rights of independence Manusmiriti ( 5-147,148).  Goswami Tulsidas in Ramachritamanasa equated a woman for treatment  with a dhool ( musical instrument) , Gamwar (uncivilized, rustic ), a Sudra  ( Low caste  unsophisticated, out caste  human) and a Pashu ( Sundra-Kanda 58-3)  and a woman is impure by her very birth ( Aranaya Kanda  5-A)  again the Tulsidas declares in(Aranaya Kanda  34-2) .  Hidu society declared and treated a woman as dishonorable , shame full and dull headed. Ruth Manorama , Dalit social activist from Bangalore stated that in a male dominated society, “Dalit women face a triple burden of caste, class and gender

A great teacher of yesterday’s   Madam Jai bai  alias Jai Bai Chaudhary  was a powerful revolutionary leader of the Dalit movement. Born in the Mahar community, she worked for the education of young Dalit girls so  earned distinction   of being  the first Dalit woman principal  of a school. She conceived and opened a girl’s school named the ‘Chokhamela Kanya Paathshalaa’ or Chokhamela Children’s School. Before Jai bai  ever first Dalit woman  educationist Mata Savitribai Phuley(1831 –1897) with the guidance and support of her husband Mahatama Jyotiba Phuley(1927- 1890) opened series of schools. They opened ever first school for girls including Dalits on 1st January 1848. With Mata Savitribai Phuley was Madam Fatima Sheikh the first Muslim teacher,who also laid foundation of Dali Muslim unity in mid Nineteenth Century (AD)

 So Madam Jai bai carried forward education and social awakening work started by Savitribai Phule and Baba Saheb Ambedkar’s, tradition of knowledge production and dissemination.

 The work and life sketch have remained buried under curse of lack of education in Dalit Samaj for too long.  Her story of contributions and the story of her struggles with achievements have been published  with the efforts of modern writers.

  Jai Bai Chaudary was born on May 2, 1892, at Umred, 15 km from Nagpur in Maharashtra. Maharastra educationists  has  played a lead roll for education and social struggle of Dalit samaj  Her parents worked as  laborers and  extremely poor . With the spread of famine   of 1896  large scale deaths , employment  erupted  hardly  leaving anything  source of survival . Therefore   her parents moved to Nagpur in search of employment. When she used to go out for  fire wood collection with her girl friends, she saw an European lady teacher teaching  children. A strong desire aroused in her mind for getting education.  While passing by school she looked with curiosity. This was observed by European teacher Miss Gregory who asked Jaibai to join school. She while going to firrwood collection also started reading . When this came to know of her parents they took it ill. They gave her beating and even mixed read chillies in her bathing water to teach her a lesson ,so that she leaves going to school. However this punishment had a reverse effect on her and her desire for education increased. Miss Gregory contacted her parents and asked them to send their daughter to school promising her all help in her education. The kind hearted teached supported Jaibai in her education by providing her reading material like, books, papers, pencils and school clothing.  By the time Jaibai attained age  of 11 years she had passed 4^th primary class. But now her parents married  off Jaibai to Bapuji Chaudhury an illiterate, poor, unemployed but cruel  person.

Now  Jaibai  in her tender age came  mountain of  misfortune, so her education came to  halt. Miss  Garogary again came  to her help by advising Jaibai’s in laws to allow her education, but they will not agree as for them education was grate curse  .In the society it was believed that woman education brings in course and misfortune. The golden hearted teacher even got her husband a service of Tonga (horse  cart)  driver. Jaibai’s in laws assigned her more and more household working so that she is left with no spare time. They also beat her.  Under these pressing circumstances Jaibai left schooling and started working as coolie. She used to carry on her head load from Nagpur to Kaamti railway stations, a distance of 8-10 kilometers.  After 4-5 years with the help of  Miss Gregory Jaibai got teaching job in Missionary School at Timki , near Nagpur. She started getting a salary of Rupees four per month. Her joy was short lived when the upper caste upper caste students came to know that their teacher was Mahar by caste. The parents of upper caste students never wanted that an untouchable teacher, teach their wards. So they threatened to leave school if she is not dismissed. So Jaibai lost her job. However she did not lose heart and her spirits for education of Dalit girls besides upliftment of Dalit women.

Her losing job proved a  turning point in Jai Bai’s life and she decided to take on the social evils of caste and untouchability head on. She was convinced that  education is an important tool in being able to flight caste oppression. So she decided to spend her entire life educating the ‘untouchable’ children of her community to ensure they can live a life with dignity. She went from home to home, encouraging parents to send their children to school. Her efforts bore fruits  and in 1922, she began a school under name and style as  “Chokhamela Kanya Paathshaala”, after the name of 14^th centuary Saint Chokhamela,  a saint from the untouchable community. This school opening was tribute to Mata Savitribai Phuley after a quarter of century. The school was established in new colony Tuesday Bazaar( Mangalwari Bazaar) . Besides employed teachers she used to teach herself also. But the behavior of her in law family especially her husband became more tough.  She had to carry whole household duties besides her school duties. Jaibai used to visit rural villages where she talked with rural women about importance of  education, cleanliness, small families and resiting untouchability treatment to Dalits. The school started by Jaibai  is continues to educate young girls even today. This school was Primary ( 192-1954) upgraded to Higher Secondary( 1954-1980) and  now it has become a college.  Jai Bai’s dedication to education also finds recognition in the world famous Dalit literary writer, Kaushalya Baisantri’s autobiography titled ‘Dohra Abhishaap’ (Doubled Curses). In it, she gives credit to Jai Bai for encouraging her to study, become a social activist and an independent personality.

 She gave birth to  three children from her wedlock. Her   one son and one daughter only servived as her younger son died in fancy.

Jai Bai’s emphasis on the need to treat women and men equally was apparent in her  8-9 August,1930, address to the Akhil Bhartiya Dalit Congress’s first convention, while representing Dalit women, she said loud and clear, “Girls should be provided full opportunities for education, like boys. She was secretary to reception committee of this conference. This conference was presided by Baba Sahib Barat Ratana Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

 Jai  bai was invited to attend the Akhil Bhartiya Mahila Parishad held in December 1937. Despite sending her invitation but  she was not give due respect.  Since the  Parsid was of upper caste women so,  Jai bai was  made to sit separately away from the dining area. Jai bai protested against this discriminatory behavior  of upper caste  women  and held them accountable for it. Jai bai told to the Parishad women that they preach for unity among all Hindus, but give insulting treatment to sudras, which was against natural human rights.  In India Mahatama Gandhi was then actively pleading against the curse of untouchability giving sky high assurances to Sudras that he will end untouchability  or else die. The Indian National Congress   Hindu leaders   including Mahatama Gandhi who attended Round Table Conferences London ( Gandhi Ji attended only II RTC) opposed Dr. Ambedkar’s just  claims that in India,  his people Sudras ,faced  worst treatment because of prevailing untouchability. Pt. Madan Mohan Malvia when refuted Dr. Ambedkar claims as false, Dr. Ambedkar offered a glass of water to Malvia, but later refused to take it. So Dr.Ambedkar’s point of caste discrimination with his people was proved correct in the house. This opened the eyes of British authorities about inhuman treatment  to Depressed classes people, so issued  Dual Voting Rights (  Communal Award) to untouchable in elections. Gandhi even torpedoed  it by resorting to Fast till death, if Communal award was not nullified. So Poona Pact of 1932 was signed by Dr. Ambedkar under duress with Hindu leaders. But Hindu leaders including Pt. MM Malvia washed away pollution got during signing the pact where he might have touched Depressed caste people including Dr. Ambedkar, a  Mahar by caste.

 Jai bai organized strong   protest against ill treatment to her in Akhil Bhartiya Mahila Parishad

 Jai Bai along with thousands of Dalit women organized a meeting on January 1st, 1938, attended by scores of Dalit women where she discussed the same and they stood as one voice in opposition to caste-based discrimination against Dalit women by upper caste women. It was in this meeting that Ramabai established a ‘Mahila Sangh’ and this group also decided to start a night school for Dalit women.  The moto of girl education was as education of a girl, the whole family becomes educated”.               

In December of 1937, she was invited by the Akhil Bhartiya Mahila Parishad to attend their convention and during the same, she faced discrimination from the upper caste feminists running the program. She was made to sit far away from the dining area. To protest against this discriminatory behaviour and outright asterism and insult and to hold them accountable for it, Jai Bai along with thousands of Dalit women organized a meeting on January 1st, 1938, attended by scores of Dalit women where she discussed the same and they stood as one voice in opposition to caste-based discrimination against Dalit women by upper caste women. It was in this meeting that Ramabai established a ‘Mahila Sangh’ and this group also decided to start a night school for Dalit women. 

Jaibai choudhari was a member of the reception committee of the All India Depressed Classes Women's conference held at Nagpur in 1942 where the Scheduled Caste Fedration was formed. Shri Rao Bahadur N. Shivraj (1892-1964)was elected as President and Shri P.N. Rajbhoj (1905-1984) General Secretary of the All India Scheduled Castes Federation. The conference was addressed by Dr. Ambedkar.The Samta Sainik Dal(Army of Soldiers for Equality) was formed by Dr.Ambedkar in 1828 under subedar V.D. Savadkar (1889-1939).Meeting of Samta Dal was also held on the same vanue. Samta Sainik Dal had a Dalit volunteer force of over 20, 000 . Madam Jaibai Choudhari a member of Scheduled Castes Federation participated in Satyagraha (1946) for political rights to Dalits at Nagpur. Being a staunch believer in Buddhism she got converted to Buddhism in 1956.

The dedicated work   for Girl education carried by Madaam Jai bai shall remain a torch bearer for future generations. The Dalit women’s movement will remain forever indebted to the work and struggles of Jai Bai Chaudhury . She devoted her entire life to the cause of the community

 India particularly   Maharashtra now  boasts of a strong Dalit women’s movement and its understanding of injustice and caste oppression. This is due to dedicated work of many Dalit  women like Mata Savitribai Phuley , Jai bai, Dani Shantabai  ( 1918-2000) etc, possessing  strong wil power, commitment to Dalit women welfare, towards those who were kept out of schools for centuries . These angles imparted among masses the importance of educationwith the power to revolt against injustice. As long as there is injustice, oppression, illiteracy, we will continue to look up to Jai Bai and her struggles as a burning flame whose light will bring strength to our lives and struggles. Maharashtian educationist and Marathi writer Kusumvati  Deshpande( 1904-61)   was greatly impressed by the work of Jaibai Choudhary so she wrote her story  book Moli ( Group of collected girls) making Jai bai’s life as theme of book. The book earned many appriciations.

Madam Jai bai, an iron lady breathed her last on 11^th October,1964  at an age of 72 years. She shall be long remembered as torch bearer of Dalit education and preacher to revolt against oppression.

    Dated: 14-8-2020                                           Words 2187

                  Source Material:-

1.       Romanised Edition Sri Ramachritamanasa

2.        Laws of Manu by Wendy Doniger with Brian K.Smith

3.       Krantikari Mehlayan ( hindi) by S.S. Goutam( ISBN 978-80292-13-7)

4.       https://www.forwardpress.in/2014/08/birth-of-dalit-womens-discourse/

                                  WRITTEN BYdalithistorymonth

5.       .(https://feminisminindia.com/2018/01/11/manusmriti

           6 . Dr. Ambedkar and His Associates By Er. H. R.  Phonsa

 

 

Matadin Bhangi the originator of 1857 Rebellion.

Matadin Bhangi the originator of 1857 Rebellion.

          (19 July 1827; to 8April, 1857)  

 Matadin  Bhangi  remained  unsung  hero of First war of Independence. He is reported to have born on 19 July 1827.He was from a Valmiki, Scavenger’s             (Bhangi) family. Valmiki Samaj is said to be descendent of Maharishi Valmik. Maharishi Valmik wrote Ramayana , which shows in his times Vamikis were educated. Unfortunately   present time descendents of Valmik Ji are holding Brooms, a reversed form of a peacock feather pen shown held by Maharishi ji while writing Ramayana Epic. How this happening  has gone missing by biased historians is a mystery. The person without whom perhaps First War of Indian Freedom 1857 would not have ever formalized, was brave Matadin alias Matadin Bhangi.

The first step for 1857 Sepoy Munity was moved by him, a Dalit, untouchable by caste. Had Matadin  Bhangi not born the great revolutionary Mangal Pande might not have been immortal hero and 1857 military mutiny may also not happened?    During those times the British had no restrictions on recruitments of untouchables in armed forces.  But the  biased Indian  high caste  historian  while glorifying  contribution of high caste martyrs Mangal  Pande, Maharani Laxmibai , Nana Sahib, Tantria Tope,   etc. as main  war heroes. Those historians    maintained criminal   silence to mention names of  Dalit Martyrs  namely Matadin Bhangi, Jalkaribai Kori, Gangu Mehter, Veera  Pasi,  Banka Chamar, Lajjo,  Avantibai, Udhodevi, , Chet Ram Jatav, Billu Mehtar  and many more. The contributions of these Dalit heroes were no way less if not more than  glorified  Hindu  warriors. This rebellion was fought   by Hindu, Muslim and Dalit untidily without any caste distinctions. So to ignore any body on caste basis cannot be justified any way.

  Among the various factors for failure of 1857 Sepoy Mutiny, the major were disunity among Indian rulers, Zamindars. Their interests were varied and some differed significantly. Some supported and joined this rebellion and many remained out with no mind and courage to oppose the Britisher’s . Also “The Doctrine of Lapse” endangered future of those Indian rulers who if die without natural heirs could not nominate any of the relative to own their kingdoms will be annexed by the Company regime. Between 1803  to 1858 over 30 states were annexed by the Company under this doctrine.  So many rulers fearing of losing their kingdoms in the absence of heir apparent revolted. The Low caste people had no such interests. They had   the interests of their Motherland .They were loyal to their mother land and employers. Holding interests of Mother Land above all interests and commitments, even those who were employed by British Company also joined hands against the British.

  As per a report in Dalit Dastavej Hindi book  among those who got killed  in Freedom struggle from (1857-1947) 68.3% were Shudras,now called Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backwards. Although one  Sandeep Dev quotes from harsh30.wordpress.com( Nov. 15,2014) the following statement in (Hindi)  on “ Akhir Koun they Bhangi,Mehter Aur Valmiki” topic the following

 

 

Dr. Subrahmanian Swamy writes, "The Scheduled Castes are the descendants of those brave Brahmins and Kshatriyas who accepted to be out of the caste, but did not accept the forced conversion of the Mughals. Today's Hindu society should be thankful to them, they should bow down to them, because they never let the Hindu saffron flag bow down, even if they themselves suffered humiliation and oppression. "

The actual meaning of the words Dalit and Valmiki

In order to protect our religion, our ancestors who broke their Janeu ( holy tread), that is, to 'dissolve' the Muslim rulers and the Amir, who carried the scourge and took away the defecation made by them in the head, themselves took a sip of insult, but society Did not stop shaking He did not renounce his crest so that the society was familiar with his Brahmin identity and then after retiring from his work, he started singing Ram Katha from house to house, street to street to awaken Hindu consciousness so that in Hindu Let the great disappointment go away.

 Despite the wish expressed the writer who himself   tells he is Bhumihar Brahmin, the Hindu upper castes have given worst possible treatments to their else while reported  blood brothers.  Upper Caste Hindus forgot  that Bhagwan Valmiks cared, nourished   including  arranging   safe delivery of pregnant  Sita , when she was deserted by her own husband ( Maryada Purshotam Lord Rama) in  lonely and deserted jungle. Mahrishi Valmik a Dalit Saint   brought up Sita’s sons, taught them and trained   them in marshal arts. But Rama did not show any mercy on Sambuk  a  Dalit  Saint and assassinated  him for his projected  crime of worshiping Nature and Nature creator.  Decedents of Maharishi Valmik who compiled Ramayana,the story of Rama  were debarred from schools Education. When Goswami Tusidas wrote Ramayana he assigned  only  right to Suhdras and women to be beaten like beasts.    Daroonacharya  teache to royal princes, Pandavas and Kauravas . He incapacitated   EKLAVYA Dalit archer  by cutting his right hand thumb so that he does not take part in Mahabharta and Arjuna be  decorated   as hero. One writer, Shankaranand Shastri writes in his book My Experiences and Memories Of Baba Sahib Ambedkar( Chapter XiV) ten attempts were made on the life of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar who later gave Constitution to free India. Present trends are also horrible as parading naked Dalit women for pretty crimes are common scenes in India. Hundred and thousand of such horrible crimes against Dalits can be quoted. When this all is going to stop on  high and low caste lines is no body’s guess.Let us now come to story of first Shaheed of Indian revolt 1857, who was hanged in full public view on   8th  April 1857.

Matadin Bhangi is said to be native of Meerut ( Uttar Pradesh). The undue harassment of Hindus forced exodus of his ancestors   from Meerut.  Many of them worked in military services.  Matadin belonging to Valmiki Samaj (Jaggosamaj You tube), He was  employee in the British  East  India Company armed forces. He was transferred to Barrakpur Cantonment near Calcutta now Kolkata. He was reported to be a technical   supervisor in the Barrakpur Ammunition factory. Matadin was strong in built up and was interested in wrestling.  He approached many upper caste wrestlers running Akaras  ( Gynmasium) but they all refused him to join  them due to his low caste  . In the 70 Battalion was posted a Muslim named Khalifa Islauddin, who was also a wrestler.  When Mata Din approached him, he agreed to take him as his disciple.  With regular practice Mata Din became an expert wrestler and later earned Rustame Hind Title. Matadin was there after was taken as Muslim by many people in the   factory.

 Sometime after  Mangal Pande a Brahmin  was also posted in Barrakpur Cantonment from Meerut. He was a wrestler and when he learnt about Matadin , he took his as Muslim. He wanted to have wrestling match with Matadin. Both were of same age group. In the match Matadin defeated Mangal Pandey.  Mangal Pande valued the superior wrestling techniques displayed by Matadin. Both developed nearness and both started playing friendly matches with Matadin to pick up experiences. Both were joining at meals also 

    Matadin’s wife Lajjo was also stated to be working in the cantonment. She had pretty fair colour and strong body with fine lovely  contours. One English officer in the factory wanted to develop relations with Lajjo . When Lajjo went to dust tent of   that European officer  he expressed his wish to Lajjo , saying since   Europeans  are owners of India along with  Indian men and women. They have right to use services of Indians as per their needs and wishes.  Lajjo did not like despite  European’s wishes. Lajjo told  the  European that they may be poor but they respect their dignity and honour the most. They earn their livelihood through hard labour and so do not indulge in undignified acts. Lajjo knew the secrets of making cartridges covers with mixed tallow of cow and pig.  She told both these things to her husband, who got furious with anger for both acts of Europeans. The Bhangi couple decided to teach a lesson to the Europeans. But when  Matadin expressed his apprehensions of hidden danger in doing do. Lajjo said there is nothing sacred than personal and Mother Land’s honour. She promised to stand by him in all dangers. Matadin agreed as he had got definite clue which will exploit religious sentiments of both Hindu and Muslim soldiers  which will be helpful to achieve their goal of freeing India from Britisher’s  slavery yoke.

Another story goes that Mangal Pandey informed the European officer super wrestling quality of his friend Matadin.  Later European officer put a challenge to Matadin to face and defeat him.  Matadin defeated the European wrestler This win of an Indian over European filled Indian spectators including Mangal Panday with unbound joy. They lifted Matadin on shoulders to celebrate the achievement of defeat of an European from Indian hands. Indians were dancing   to express their joy. This European disclosed to Mangal Pande  the low caste  as Bhangi of Matadin who till date took Matadin a Muslim.  Mangal Pande must have felt insulted to be friend with a Valmiki. Mangal Pande started to avoid Matadin and tried to keep distance.

 Matadin had planned to ignite rebellion in the platoon for which he had got a solid clue. One hot summer day Matadin when passing near Mangal Pandey place took water from a metallic brass pot of Pande . This made Pande furious telling Matadin , how he a Bhangi ,dared to touch his water pot. The water pot was polluted. The caste hate was such that if a Brahmin taking meals heard the voice of an untouchable outside, Brahmin stopped taking food , took bath and observed fast that day.

 On this Matadin told Mangal Pandey- “Bara awa hai Brahaman ka beta. Jin kartuson ka tum upayog karat ho, unpar gaaye or suar ki charbi lagawal jaat hai, jinhe tum apan daatun se torkar 9 banduk mein bharat ho. O samay tomhar jati aur dharam kahan jawat. Dhikkar tumhare is brahmanatwa ka " mearing “You claim to be a highly respectable Brahmin, but the cartridges which you bite with your teeth and insert in your guns, are all rubbed with the fat of cows and pigs. What happens to your caste and religion then? Curse on your Brahminism”. This taunting was taken seriously by Pande .  Words of Matadin spread in the cantonment  like wild fire. Sentiments of all Hindu- Muslim   employees were hurt by hidden act of Europeans in making cartridges. Hindus worshiped cow as Gayomata and Muslim hated pig. This plot of Matadin worked well to infuse hurting religion sentiments of both communities and was sure to cause a force full army rebellion. It succeeded like success in igniting the spark to free his mother land India from the British subjugation.

  Meerut army unit  commander, Colonel Carmichael Smyth on 24 April 1857,  paraded 90 Indian sepoys of the Bengal Cavalry who were mostly from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. He ordered them to fire the new Enfield cartridges: 85 soldiers refused to tear of the cartridges covering with paper that had to be torn off with teeth: Muslims believed the paper was greased with pig fat and Hindus, with cow. As per (THE OUTBREAK OF THE INDIAN MUTINY page 118  Published by: Society for Army Historical Research-ps://www.jstor.org/stable/44226277) this outbreak of upsurge was on  evening of  Sunday, 10^th May,1857.

Another source writes On March 29, 1857 Mangal Pandey  of  34th Native Infantry, shot at his sergeant-major on the parade ground. When the British adjutant rode over, Pande shot the horse out from under him and as the officer tried to extricate himself Pandey severely wounded him with a sword. Many other sepoys including Matadin Bhaghi were part of the first revolt.    

 Pandey along with others Indian soldiers including Matadin were also arrested and put in jail. SomeYou tube story teller says Matadin  disappeared from firing  scene and hide him somewhere. When Mangal Mandey was given severest possible torture, he disclosed the where about of hiding place of Matadin. Matadin was also arrested. A case was instituted in the court titled Matadin V/s Britishand others .  All accused were awarded Death by hanging. The date of execution was fixed 18 April. Anticipating a revolt, which had already spread  in many places, British authorities enhanced  execution date on April 8. They were hanged in full public view, to create in  public  fear psyche. The hero’s of first Rebellion of Indian freedom both 29 years old, scarified body mortal frames but making their memories  immortal .

   During interrogation the British had come to know that it was Matadin Bhangi who instigated Barrakpore cantonment sepoys to revolt. So British instituted court casetitled (Matadin V/s Britishand others ).  They hanged Matadin first and Mangal Pandey next to him. Although both of them and other martyr were equally great, but new findings tell,  Matadin was first martyr not Mangal Pandey. The biased Hindu historians made Mangal Panday as  freedom war hero and eliminated Matadin Bhangi from history pages.  This was greatest injustice done to those Dalits who sacrificed their  lives for a sacred cause. The caste monster nourished by caste Hindus   caused continuous heinous   pains to Dalits. This caste demon continued chasing Matadin’s shadow, when on Wednesday, 25April,2018 his memorial  in  Barrakpor cantonment  Board   park was vandalized,  bringing shame to whole nation.

 The grateful Nation shall continue respecting these men of past who got martyred for their motherland.

2271 words

Material Source

1.       THE OUTBREAK OF THE INDIAN MUTINY  Sunday,10 May,1857 Published by: Society for Army Historical Research  https://www.jstor.org/stable/44226277 Page -5

2.      Himayati, a Dalit literary magazine, in its May 1996 Dr. S.P Sumnakshar

3.      Dali Mahilayan by Dr. Manju Suman

4.      My Experiences and Memories of Dr.Baba Saheb Ambedkar 

5.      By Shankranand Shastri

6.      Jaggosamaj You tube

7.      Google--wikipedia

8.      Akhir Koun they Bhangi,Mehter Aur Valmiki

a.      from harsh30.wordpress.com( Nov. 15,2014)

9.      The 1857 Siege of Delhi, John H. Waller, Military History Magazine

10. Dalit Freedom Fighter by Mohandas Namishray

11. Dalit Dastavej     By M.R.Vidhrohi