Babu Jagjivan Ram

Babu Jagjivan Ram was one of the brightest stars of the Indian political horizon. By dint of his excellent qualities of head & heart, he carried all the assignments with distinction as political leader, parliamentarian, social reformer, administrator, Indian Union Minister, Labour & Dalit leader. The upsurge in East Pakistan against the West Pakistan suppression resulted in great influx of refugees to India, which in turn became main cause of Bangla Desh liberation war. As then Defense Minister of Indian Union, Babu Jagjivan Ram was the main architect to win 1971 Bangladesh War resulting in carving out Independent Sovereign Bangladesh from Pakistan, formerly called as East Pakistan. This was perhaps the only war in Indian History of many centuries when India captured alive over 90,000 enemy soldiers including highest ranking commanders and successfully defaced the enemy country. He was not cowed down by the presence of American’s 7th fleet of war ships in the area for strategic support to Pakistan. Although his chances of becoming Prime minister Of Indian Union were blocked four times yet he did not loose heart and continued to serve his mother land including the disadvantaged poor and downtrodden peoples. Babu Jagjivan Ram was born on 5th April 1908 in village Chandwa Distt. Bhojpur (then shahbad ) in Bihar State. His father Mahant Shri Shobhi Ram and mother Shrimati Basanti Devi were agriculture labourers & belonged to“Untouchable” caste namely Asprisya (chamar). It seems that the name Jagjivan has been drawn from the verse of Guru Ravidas “ Prabhuji Sangat Saran Tihari, Jagjivan Murari” Babu Ji , as he was affectionately addressed, by his followers was born in lowest of low castes of Hindu Religion. . Although Shudras, untouchables, or Dalits observed all Hindu Religious ceremonies on births, marriages, deaths etc, but were forced to live in poverty, & squalor without any right to complain or to come out of man made hell. However this did not deter child Jagjivan Ram to get educated & rise to the rank of Deputy Prime Minister of biggest world Democracy. Many odd circumstances of life for any Dalit during those times were difficult to surmount for child Jagjivan. However he was lucky that before his birth social war to break religious shackles of prejudice against Dalits had been started in different parts of India by saints & social reformers like Mahatma Jyotirba Phule, Mata savitribhai Phule (Father & Mother of Hindu women Education in Pune, India), Chhaterpati Sahuji Maharaj of Kohlapur, Narayan Guru, Parriyar E.V. Ramaswami, Guru Ghasidas, Gadge Ji Maharaj, Soami Daya Nanad Saraswati Ji, Raja Ram Mohan Rai, Mahatama Gandhi, Soami Viveka Nanda and many others. Young Jagjivan Ram was admitted in a village primary school in January 1914 on Basant Panchami day. Unfortunately his father Mahant Shri Sobha Ram expired when Jagjivan Ram was only Six years old and the responsibility of bringing him up was shouldered by hisfather,s brother shri Sant Lal Ji. On passing primary school examination Jagjivan Ram was admitted in Aggarwal Middle School in 1920. Jagjivan Ram was married as per customs at the tender age of eight. But Jagjivan Ram a sharp & intelligent student took great interest in his studies against all odds and he always stood first in his class He passed Matriculation Examination in the First Division. He developed great interest in General studies as well. The Ramayana Epic was his favorite; besides this he read other famous books. He was also a regular News paper reader. In 1922 he joined Arrah Town High School. During schooling young Jagjivan had to face caste prejudices and indignities like taking water from a separately kept earthen pitcher for untouchables. He used to revolt and he broke the pitcher many times. Although poverty ridden Jagjivan Ram never applied for scholarship granted on the basis of Untoucha

bility, as in those days there was no provision of scholarship for Dalit students, he got Merit scholarship on the basis of his Merit. Babu Jagjivan Ram completed his Intermediate in science from Banaras Hindu University. In BHU hostel, he was refused meals by the upper class cook , so he had shifted to a out side accommodation with the help of Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya Due to display of good qualities in young Jagjivan Ram, Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya took interests in him when Pandit Malviya ji visited Arrah in1926. In 1931 Babu Jagjivan Ram passed his B .Sc degree from Calcutta (Now Kolkata) University. During his Calcutta stay Babu Ji is reported to have earned nearness to Subash Chander Bose a rare brain to organize Indian to revolt against Britisg Crown to cut slavery sickles In 1932 at 24 years of age Babu jumped into National Movement for freedom of Harijans under Harijan Mukti Sang. Babu Jagjivan Ram came in contact of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in 1927 .Babu Ji was uniting untouchables of Kanpur, Kanshi & Calcutta and convincing them to take part in freedom struggle. On 3rd Feb.1928 Babu Ji along with his large number of followers boycotted the Simon commission as a congress worker. Although Babu Ji was a stanch follower of Gandhi Ji, who was not compromising for the political liberation of Dalits by granting them separate electorate, as devised by British India under the Act of 1919, based on Montague –Chelmsford Report, clearly recognized the existence of untouchables & their problem for the representation in legislatures. But when Gandhi Ji started his fast unto Death on 20th September 1932, in Yaravada Central Prison Poona, where he was lodged, to get nullified what the untouchables had got through Communal Award, Babu Ji also opposed Gandhi’s move, as interests of Dalits were dear to him than any other thing. It is due to the Poona Pact signed under duress by Dr Ambedkar to save life of Mahatma Gandhi that no Dalit MLA or MP is owning their brethren . During freedom struggle Babu Ji was arrested a number of times & was jailed continuously for a long time in 1940. While addressing all India Scheduled Caste Elected Representatives from all States, along with Pt. Jawaharlal Lal Nehru at Nagpur in 1952 Babu Ji said” The rights granted by Constitution Of India to Sc/ ST and other weaker sections are being ignored &suppressed, because upper caste Hindus has not transformed their look out & mental thinking in line with changed circumstances. Hindu Samaj was sitting on a dump of explosive, which when exploded shall bring disaster. The Harijans have been brought to a situation, worst of which is perhaps impossible. To day Harijans have nothing to loose than their chains”. There after a close watch was kept on Babu Ji on the instance of Pt Jawaharlal Lal Nehru and Babu Ji was eased out of Government under KAMRAJ PLAN. Babu Ji followed principals of Guru Ravidas Ji, his Religious Guru, and started celebrations of Ravidas Jyanti. Through out his life Babu Ji worked on the ideal of Golden verse of Guru Ravidas “I wish to have a rule, where every body irrespective of his/ her caste affiliation is fed well” Babu Ji ‘s love for his poor but progressive peoples can be gauged from the following one of many such instances instance. Babu Parmanand (Ex. Governor of Haryana), during his studies at Aligarh University wrote to Babu Jagjivan Ram for financial help and got Rs 400/bymoney order which is more that Rs40000/ as per present rates. In 1933 his first wife died and he was again married second time to Inderani Devi in 1934. Babu Ji was elected member of Bihar Vidhan Parishad in 1936, and he continuously kept wining as Member of Parliament from Bihar right up to 1984, two years before his death. In 1937, 1946 & 1957he was elected unopposed. Babu Ji as a member of Constitution Drafting committee member contributed immensely during the constitution framing debates. Babu Ji adorned the high Offices of First Labour Minister, Communication Railways, Defense, Agriculture, Dy Prime Minister and he successfully brought Green Revolution (1967 ) with bumper crops, labour laws of equal pay for equal work both for men& women, Nationalization of Air Transport( 1953 ) and liberation of Bangla Desh( 1971 ). He was an able administrator and a shrewd politician. When Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister Babu Ji was given the most fearful Agriculture Ministry portfolio, as the country then was in the grip of swear draught and shortage of food grains. Babu Ji gave the slogan of Green Revolution and put pressure on traders to bring out hidden grains from their Go downs, Babu Ji’ administrative skills succeeded like success and India became food grain exporter from a food deficit country. On division in Congress party in 1969 Babu Ji acted as shield to Indira Gandhi, who nominated him as Congress President and so, succeeded in wonning Parliamentary Elections. Babu Ji never compromised for personnel gains on national issues which to his mind were detrimental to the Indian interests. He was against hero worship, but worshiper of value based principles. Nothing was dearer to him than his country and its peoples Babu Ji was against transfer of political power on the basis of family backgrounds and resisted the ways of Sanjay Gandhi . Indira Gandhi declared state Of Emergency in India which was disliked by Babu Ji and he was put under undeclared house arrest. Babu Ji resigned from Central Cabinet on 2nd February 1977 and formed a new party “Congress For democracy”, so he paved way for formation of Janta Dal Government after Emergency. Here too Babu Ji was deceived by his upper caste colleagues & his legitimate right of becoming Prime Minister was sabotaged. Although both Dr. Ambedkar & Babu Jagjivan Ram suffered stigma of Untouchability but their ways of confronting it were different. Dr. Ambedkar was radical in thinking and announced that Hinduism was immune to reforms and its ways opposed to democratic norms but Babu Ji was polite and believed that rendering financial, educational, employment support to SC/ST peoples shall loose their economic slavery bonds and pave way for breaking them. So he worked for their welfare day and night and got implemented to the extent possible, the rules framed for welfare of deprived sections of society. But both leaders never confronted with each other on this account. Dr. Ambedkar wanted to break the saddles of casteism by all means, whereas Babu Ji remained in the Hindu fold and tried for the upliftment of Downtrodden by effectively getting implemented the rules framed for the betterment of the Scheduled castes and other disadvantageous peoples resulting in elevating their financial status. But the radical Hindus section never changed and the statue of Sampunanand inaugurated by Babu Ji at Kanshi was subsequently washed with cow urine, and Ganga water by caste Hindus, claiming that the Stone statue was polluted by the touch of Babu Ji an untouchable. In 1968 while addressing largely attended delegation session of Depressed Classes League, at Prade Ground Jammu Babu Ji said “ Roti Aur Betti Brabri May Milti Hai , Bradri May Nahi ( bread & relations are possible between persons of in equal financial status and not in equal caste status)” This spoke volumes of the wisdom of the speaker’ mind and a guidance to all weaker sections of society to get united to fight for their rights untidily forgetting their sub caste affiliations. This public meeting was addressed among others by Pt. Trilochan Dutt, Chowdhary Guran Ditta Mal, Bhagat Chhajju Ram, Amar shaheed Bhagat Amar Nath, then President Of J&K unit of the Bhartiya Depressed League Of India whose president was Babu Jagjivan Ram. I had the rare opportunity to meet Babu Jagjivan Ram thrice and listen to his valuable views on many problems confronting the country, the deprived section of the society, and his wise & considered views to solve these problems. After the unfortunate sudden death of his only son Suresh Kumar Babu’s heart was broken and he landed into many physical & mental problems and finally this able son of the soil breathed his last on 6th July 1986 at 10 am leaving behind his widow Inderani Devi and daughter Meera Kumar (now Union Minister of India). His wife has also passed away. Babu Ji shall be long remembered as practical source of light & guidance for the country particularly the suppressed and deprived class of peoples. Keeping in view the life long services of Babu Jagjivan Ram, the country has decided to celebrate year long Birth Century of Babu Jagjivan Ram starting from 5th of April 2007, and the Government Of India along with State Governments have promised to start many welfare schemes for the poor and deserving section of the society. Bestowing Bharat Ratana Award, posthumously on Babu Jagjivan Ram shall be befitting tributes to the able son of India, who by his head & heart qualities rose against all odds and adorned the post Of Deputy Prime Minister of India. References:-1 Hamare Dalit Gorav by Raj Mal Raj Bharatiya Dalit Sahitya Akademi Delhi 2 The Laws of Manu Brain K. smith& W. Doniger( 1991 ) Penguin Classic Publishers 3 The Samtavadi Bharat April- June 2004 Baba sahib Dr. BR Ambedkar Mission of India 123. VP House Rafi Marg N Delhi 4 Sagarsh Ke Patik Babu Parmanand Bharatiya Dalit Sahitya Akademi Delhi 5. A note printed by Jagjivan Vidya Bhawan New Delhi-55 written by shri Manjul Kumar

Shaheed Ashfaq Ullah

Khamoosh Hazrat Khamoosh Hasmat (pen name of A-U Khan) Agar Hai Jajba Wattan Ka Dil Main , Saza Ko Pohnchain Ge Apni Beshak Zo aaj Hamko Mitta Rhe Hain, Bujdiloon Hi Ko Sada Moyt Se Darte Dekha Goo Ke Soo Bar Unhain Roz Hi Marte Dekha, Wattan Hamara Rahe Saj Kam Aur Azad Hamara Kaya Hai Agar Hum Rahe Na Rahe Na Rahe , Kass Lee Hai Kamar Ab To Kush Kar Ke Dekhain Ge Azad Hee Hoo Leinge Ya Sar hee Kata Deinge. This is the Urdu poem composed by Ashfaq Ullal Khan, who earned the supreme distinction of being the first Muslim youth to be hanged for the cause of the freedom of Mother India. Ashfaq Ullal Khan imbibed the spirit of Patriotism, Unity, Communal Harmony & supreme sacrifice for the country. He falls in the of great revolutionaries & martyrs like Amar Sheed Bhagat singh, sukhdev,Rrajguru , Jatinder Nath Dass, Rani Jansi , Veerangini Jalkari Bhai, Virsa Munda,Mangle Panday,Dulia Dhobi,Mangal Mochi, Kammon kesri Khushi Ram ,Jatra Bhagat , Udham singh , Neta ji subash chander bose, Veeragini Mahaveeri devi & lakhs other unknown heroes of Indian Independence Movement. A very handsome revolutionary son of Mother India Ashfaq Ullal Khan, was born on October 22nd , 1900 at Shahjahanpur U.P. in a respectable & known Muslim family. His birth was celebrated with a great pump& show. from his childhood Ashfaq Ullal Khan started taking interest in the Freedom Movement & the activities of the freedom fighters moved his tender mind. He was a student of the Mission High school at Shahjahanpur, one class junior to another great revolutionary PanditRam Parshad Bismil., a staunch Arya Samaji Hindu. Both of them made unparallel sacrifices for the Freedom Movement. Ashfaq Ullal Khan left school during Khilafat Movement in 1920 to devote himself fully to educate his countrymen for the Freedom Movement. Many of his near friends advised him not to jump into freedom movement, which was full of difficulties & sufferings including jailed life & even death sentence. But Ashfaq Ullal Khan was made of different stuff, who had decided to sacrifice for the freedom of his Motherland. To raise money for purchasing weapons for the revolutionaries it was decided (although Ashfaq Ullal Khan differed initially, but agreed with the majority decision) to loot a train carrying Govt. Treasury The train was successfully looted on August 8, 1925 between Alamnagar & Kakoi stations. Among the train robbers were Sachinder Nath Bakshi; Rajinder Nath Lahiri; Pandit Ram Parshad Bismil & Ashfaq ullah Khan. The train robbery sent shock waves to the British administration & praises for the revolutionaries. Two close confidents of Pt. RPBismil leaked the information & got arrested some revolutionaries, but Ashfaq ullah Khan escaped to Daltonganj in Bihar, where he succeeded in getting employment in a school posing as a Hindu of Mathura. But alas again a close confident of Ashfaq ullah Khan betrayed & got Ashfaq ullah Khan arrested. Ashfaq ullah Khan was brought to Lahore, tried along with Sachinder Nath Bakshi in Kakoi railway station case & sentenced to death. A day before his death he told, to his friends who came to see him in the cell, jokily that he was getting married next day. On December 19th, 1927, the day of his execution Ashfaq ullah Khan got up early in the morning, took bath offered Namaz & read verses from the Holy Quran. At 6 in the morning he was taken to the altar platform for execution. He was walking carrying a Quran in a bag hanging from his shoulder & was reciting its verses. After kissing the noose he put it around his neck as if it was a garland of flowers. He said “I have never stained my hands with the Blood of any man. I will get justice before God. All the charges leveled against me are wrong.” After kissing the noose he put it around his neck as if it was a garland of flowers and was hanged. His body was taken by his relatives to Shahjahanpur to perform his last rights. Amar Shaheed Ashfaq ullah Khan was a true freedom fighter & a great secular. He saved an Arya Samaji temple from being burnt by rioters. He said “All places of worship, irrespective of the religion, they belong to, are dear to life more than his life.” In his last prayer he prayed to God to bless Hindus & Muslims with better sense so that they don’t fight among themselves and work untidily for the Freedom Movement of the country .

Referance; - Ashfaq ullah Khan, A Great Revolutionary & Freedom Fighter, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting GOI

SHAHEED-E-AZAM SARDAR UDHAM SINGH

SUPREME SACRIFIER SHAHEED-E-AZAM SARDAR UDHAM SINGH JI (Remembering With Reverence On His 110th Birthday Falling On 26th Dec.2008) (Smiling Udham singh leaving the Caxton Hall after his arrest) Shaheed-e-Azam Sardar Udham Singh killer of Sir Michael O' Dwyer was born on 26th December1889 at village Sunam (now Sunam Udham Singh Wala) Distt Sangroor of Patiala Princely State. His parents Sardar Tehal Singh & Sardarni Harnam Kour were convert to Sikhism on the initiation of Sardar Dhanna Singh Ji an overseer in irrigation Department. Before baptismal( Amritpan) Sardar Tehal and sardarni Harnam Kour were named as Shri Chuhar Ram and Shrimati Narayana Devi . They are reported to be residents of village Patiali of Etta Nagar in Utter Pradesh. One author has written that Chuhar Ram was resident of Kanpur Janpad in UP. Shri Chuhar Ram came from Jammu (Jammu clan is of Kamboj lineage in Chamars) Chamars are of an important shudra ( Untouchable or Ati Shudra) caste having religious linkage with Guru Ravi Das. Guru Ravi Dass (1414-1540AD) born near Banaras, a highest religious seat of Hindus and was a saint of highest spiritual order. The Chuhar Ram couple was from seasonal migratory labour class. They used to come to Punjab as poor labourers along with others to work inagriculture farms and for brick kiln owners. In 1880 Chuhar Ram migrated from village Patiali (UP) to Sunam in Patiala State of Punjab. Shri Chuhar Ram and Shrimati Narayana Devi worked at Neelowal 3 miles (5 Kms) from Sunam with Irrigation Canal Overseer Sardar Dhanna Singh. Shri Chuhar Ram and his wife a pious couple worked with great zeal, dedication and honesty, so Sardar Dhanna Singh himself a devout religious person developed affection for them. This religious attachment of theirs influenced Shri Chuhar Ram’s to become a devoted(Shajdhari) Sikh. When Sh. Chuhar Ram couple again came to Sunam for work, they were received with affection by Sardar Dhanna Singh , his wife Sardarni Maan Kour and their daughter Maya Kour. Shri Chuhar Ram his wife took Amrit & become regular Sikhs with new names as Sardar Tehal Singh & Sardarni Harnam Kour. Kind hearted Sardar Dhanna Singh through his relation Sardar Chanchal Singh Sunami got engaged Sardar Tehal Singh as a Railway Gateman at Uppali Railway Station, 5 miles from Sunam. So Sardar Tehal Singh started living at Sunam in a small house where Shaheed Udham Singh was born as second male to Sardar Tehal Singh & Sardarni Harnam Kour. Their elder son was Mukha Singh. Their second son was named as Sher Singh, whowas later renamed as Udham Singh. As ill luck both Sardarni Harnam Kour & Sardar Tehal Singh died with in a span of one year leaving both their sons aged 10 & 5 years as orphans. Sardar Chanchal Singh looked after both boys for 2 years & then got them admitted in Central Khalsa Ram Bagh Orphanage near Putligarh Amritsar on24th October, 1907. Sardar Sohan Singh in charge of this orphanage was son-in-law of Sardar Dhanna Singh. So Mukha Singh & Sher Singh newly admitted boys got homely care under Sardarni Maya Kour ( S. Dhana Singh’s daughter) and her orphanage in charge husband. The boys were given new names Mukha singh as Sadhu Singh & Sher Singh as Udham Singh. Pandit Jai Chand a cook of orphanage a revolutionary himself, taught the children of orphanage how to become revolutionary and this teaching influenced the young mind of Udham Singh too. Simplicity, hard work, truthfulness and bravery of Udham influenced Smt. Kamla Rani the wife of Pandit Jai Chand & Sardarni Maya Kour, so both ladies gave him motherly affection. In about 1913 Sadhu Singh went with Sadhus never to return again, so left Udham Singh alone in this world. Sadhu Singh is reported to have died in 1917. Udham Singh passed his matriculation Examination in 1919 and left the orphanage there after. By then he had gained expertise in furniture making, driving, wrestling and music . He won many wrestling matches from important wrestlers. By the side of the orphanage he started working in a shop as furniture making worker. This shop was a secret centre for planning revolutionary activities by the then known Karantikaries( Revolutionary Freedom fighter) Here Udham Singh met main revolutionary leaders Sardar Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru, and Sukhdev. The Rowlatt Act 1914 gave many powers to colonial government including arresting and detaining any body without trial. This was widely opposed in India. On April 13, 1919, over twenty thousand unarmed Indians, mainly Dalit and Dalit Sikhs, peacefully assembled in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, to listen to several prominent local leaders speak out against British colonial rule in India and against the arrest and deportation of Dr. Satya Pal, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, and few others under this unpopular Rowlatt Act. Udham Singh and his mates from the orphanage were serving water to the crowd on a warm summer afternoon. A band of 90 soldiers armed with rifles and Kukries or Khukhris (short swords) marched to the park accompanied by two armored cars with mounted machine guns. The vehicles were unable to enter the Bagh owing to the narrow entrance. Brigadier-General Reginald Edward Harry Dyer was in command of 45th Infantry Brigade at Jalandhar, arrived in Amritsar. He immediately established file facto army rule, though the official proclamation to this effect was not made until 15 April. The troops at his disposal included 475 British and 710 Indian soldiers. On 12 April he issued an order prohibiting all meetings and gatherings. On 13 April which marked the Baisakhi festival, a large number of people, mostly Sikhs, had poured into the city from the surrounding villages. Local leaders called upon the people to assemble for a meeting in the Jallianwala Bagh at 4.30 in the evening. The troops had entered the Bagh by about 5:15 PM. With no warning to the crowd to disperse, Dyer ordered his troops to open fire, concentrating especially on the areas where the crowd was thickest Among the gathering were three brave Dalits namelly Bhudha Singh,Mangil Singh & Dhulia Singh Dhobies (Washer men) challenged General Dyer to shoot them first, as they were not afraid of his bullets. General Dyer fired bullets which pierced through their chests. There after the attack lasted ten minutes. Since there was only one exit not barred by soldiers, people tried to climb the walls of the park. Some also jumped into a well inside the compound to escape the bullets. A plaque in the monument says that 120 bodies were plucked out of the well alone. By the time the smoke cleared, hundreds of people had been killed and thousands injured. Official estimates put the figures at 379 killed (337 men, 41 boys and a six week old baby) and 200 injured, but other reports estimated the deaths well over 1,000 and possibly 1,300. According to Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya and Lala Girdhari Lal, the deaths were more than 1,000. Swami Shardanand places the figure at more than 1,500Dr Smith, Civil Surgeon of Amritsar, gives an even larger number: 1,800 dead. The casualty figures were never fully ascertained for political reasons. The wounded could not be moved from where they had fallen, as a curfew had been declared. Debate about the actual figures continues to this day. Official figures say that 1,650 rounds of ammunition had been used. Udham Singh, an eye witness of this massacre saw it from a tree top, where he had climbed to listen the leaders. Udham Singh mainly held Michael O'Dwyer (1864-1940) then Punjab Governor, responsible for what came to be known as the Amritsar Massacre. New research supporting this fact reveals the massacre to have occurred with the Governor's full connivance "to teach the Indians a lesson, to make a wide impression and to strike terror through-out Punjab" The incident had greatly shaken young Udham Singh and proved a turning point in his life. After bathing in the holy Amritsar sarovar ( Religiously pool of nectar), Udham Singh took a silent vow and solemn pledge in front of the Golden Temple to wreak a vengeance on the perpetrators of the crime and to restore honour to what he saw as a humiliated nation. Sardar Gurnam Singh Mukatsar (Writer Of Hindi Book Jhooth Na Bol Pande) writes at page 283 that it was the gathering of Dalit Sikhs devotees, whose Deg ( Cooked sweet food say Halwa) was not allowed to be distributed to devotees in Darbar Sahib Amritsar by Upper Caste converted Sikh Granthi Aroor Singh. These Dalit Sikhs along with Army Jawans( Soldiers) belonging to low Castes decided to gather in Jallianwala Bagh to protest against insult inflicted upon them by Granthi of their faith. This Aroor Singh instigated General Dyer telling him the Dalit were going to hold a big protest against British Crown there by creating Law and order problems. So General Dyer decided to teach lesson to the protestors. General Dyer was later presented a Saroopa (Honoring in a Sikhism Religious Style to a person for some highly praise worthy work). Also KambojSociety.com, #640, Sector: 69, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab - 160062, India claims that this incident of honouring General Dyer later resulted in formation of “The All India Sikh League as a representative body of the Panth for political action”. This ultimately culminated in formation of the Gurdwara Reform movement , 1920-25. Some Sikh servicemen, resenting the policy of non-violence adopted by the leaders of the Alkali movement, resigned from the army and constituted the nucleus of an anti-British terrorist group known as Babar Alkalis. Any way General Dyer was responsible for the massacre of innocent Indians. After the massacre Udham Singh found wailing Shrimati Rattana Devi to find the dead body of her husband who was killed in the shoot out. Udam Singh consoled Rattana Devi, got traced the dead body of her husband from the heap of dead persons and adopted Widow Smt Rattana Devi as his step sister. Udham Singh promised her to take revenge for death of her husband. He left Amritsar on 22 April 1919 and reached Baramula town of Kashmir State, where he worked in a furniture shop for some time & in October 1919 returned to his village Sunam. In sunam he killed a wild wolf, which had created terror in the area and had killed many animals besides a few children. Sunam Residents offered him shelter and help with requests to make Sunam his permanent abode, to which he denied, as he had different goals in his mind. In November 1919 he returned to Amritsar. At that time he joined a group of labourers and reached South Africa in November 1919 itself and engaged himself in organizing meeting to oppose British Crown of India. From here he set for America in a ship while serving as a coal Charge man to ship boiler and reached America in 1920. He met Lala Hardayal chief of Gaddar Party and learnt the art of making Bullets & got training in shooting. From here on the advice of Lala Hardayal he went to England with the sole objective of killing General Dyer, who had retired and had returned to London. But General Dyer died of paralysis in 1927. Governer Punjab Michael O'Dwyer was called back to London, which became the target of Uham Singh, to fulfill his vow to take revenge for Amritsar Massacre of 13th April,1919. In London Udham Singh met twice Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar in India Office Library and on the advise of Dr Ambedkar, Udham Singh joined Engineering courses. Dr Ambedkar advised Udham Singh to get equipped with higher education in London. In London Udham Singh met a German Lady Miss Merry, who promised him all help including financial help. When Dr. Ambedkar left for Bonn to study Sanskrit, Udham Singh returned to India in 1923 on call from Bhagat Singh, to whom Udham Singh called his Guru. Miss Merry also accompanied him and she was introduced to all known to Udham Singh. In India at Lahore he joined National College of Lala Lajpat Rai and passed his F.A ( now 10+2) in 1923 there after joined B.A. classes. This college was a training centre for the revolutionaries and Bhagat Singh too was a student there. He worked as teacher along with Sargar Bhagat singh in the National School Kher Aligarh. Udam Singh went to Kanpur, again to Lahore and then to London for the Second time. He along with Miss Merry traveled across the Globe and went to Russia, France, Abyssinia, Scylia, Charybdis, Egypt, Island of White, Vikar of Bay etc. where he kept himself engaged in Revolutionary activities. In 1927 he returned to Lahore again on message from Bhagat Singh. He was not prepared to return to India with out accomplishing his set goal, but Miss Merry convinished him by advancing argument that Bhagat Singh might have some plan to make Udham ‘s work easy or some more urgent job might had been set for him. Udham Singh brougt with him four persons, explosive material, some pistols and ammunition besides Miss Merry his most confident person. Udham Singh continued to work for the set goal and kept close contact with other revolutionary persons. He was caught with loaded pistol No 85869 and sentenced for five years from 28 Sept1928 to 23 Sept 1932 in central Jail Multan and Rawalpindi. Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru & Sukhdev to avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai of shoot down JP Sanders and this news was received by Udham singh on 17 Dec.1928 in jail ,when he said “Brother, you have full filled your promise, where as my vow is yet unfulfilled, you are great” After releasing from Jail, he went to Peshawer, then to Sunam and also to Jammu. From Jammu he went to Kashmir on foot in the disguise of a sadhu. Here he came in contact with Sardar Swarn Singh, Justice Dan Singh and others and worked as labourer in the furniture shop of Faquiria. Udham Singh also went to Amar Nath as a Sadhu. In1933 he along with Miss Merry went to London and lived for some time in Shephard Bush Gurudwara. He worked as a taxi driver too for the taxi of Shephard Bush Gurudwara. Udham Singh worked as demestic driver to Sir Michael O'Dwyer in Devons Shire U.K. and used to carry Dyer’s daughter Miss Golde to college so he under stood all lanes and surroundings of Dyer’s house . Udham Singh had earned the confidence of Miss Golde & other family members, from whom he collected house secrets and circumstances which had prompted Sir Michael O’Dwyer to order firing inJalianwala Bagh. He left the service of driver to Sir Michael O' Dwyer but continued his revolutionary activities by meeting other revolutionaries. Golde is said to have tried to gained nearness to Udham Singh but timely reminding him, his solemn pledge by Miss Merry, he again started vigorously concentrating on his set goal On 12 th March 1940 Udham Singh got Laddos ( Indian Sweet,) from the Indian restaurant through Balbir Singh another revolutionary and distributed among his colleagues. Every body thought that Udham Singh has finalised his bride-to-be to marry her. On enquiry he said he has been already married to the cause of his mother land and every body shall know through news papers tomorrow the cause of his happiness.At last, the opportunity came on 13 March 1940, almost 21 years after the Jallianwala Bagh killings: After praying in Shephard Bush Gurudwara and taking Parsad from the Granthi, he came back to home and then reached Caxton Hall. A joint meeting of the East India Association and the Royal Central Asian Society was scheduled at Caxton Hall, and among the speakers was Michael O'Dwyer. Udham Singh concealed his revolver in a book specially cut for the purpose and managed to enter Caxton Hall. He took up his position against the wall. At the end of the meeting, the gathering stood up and O'Dwyer moved towards the platform to talk to Lord Zetland. Udham Singh pulled his revolver and fired. O'Dwyer was hit twice and died immediately. Again Udham Singh fired at Lord Zetland (1876-1961, then secretary of State for India), the Secretary of State for India, injuring him but not seriously. Incidentally, Sir Luis Dane was hit by one shot, which broke his radius bone and dropped him to the ground with serious injuries. A bullet also hit Lord Lamington(1896-1951), whose right hand was shattered. If planned earlier Udham Singh could have escaped but did not intend to escape. So he was arrested on the spot. Back in India, there was a strong reaction to this assassination. While the Congress-controlled English speaking press of India condemned Singh's action in general terms, independents like Amrit Bazar Patrika and New Statesman took different views. In its March 18, 1940 issue, Amrit Bazar Patrika wrote, "O'Dwyer's name is connected with Punjab incidents which India will never forget". The most telling reaction came from the common man on the street who hailed Udham Singh as a hero and patriot. Indians all over regarded Singh's action as justified and an important step in India's struggle to end British colonial rule in India As never expected but unfortunately, in a statement to the Press, Mahatama Gandhi had condemned the Caxton Hall shooting saying that "the outrage has caused me deep pain. I regard it as an act of insanity.I hope this will not be allowed to affect political judgment". A week later, Harijan, Gandhi’s newspaper further wrote: "We had our differences with Michael O'Dwyer but that should not prevent us from being grieved over his assassination. We have our grievances against Lord Zetland. We must fight his reactionary policies, but there should be no malice or vindictiveness in our resistance. The accused is intoxicated with thought of bravery Pt Jawahar Lal Nehru wrote in his National Herald: "Assassination is regretted but it is earnestly hoped that it will not have far-reaching repercussions on political future of India. Most of the press worldwide remembered the story of Jallianwala Bagh and held Michael O'Dwyer fully responsible for the events. Singh was called "fighter for freedom" by The Times, London, While in Police custody, Udham Singh remarked: "Is Zetland dead? He ought to be. I put two into him right there" indicating with his hand the pit of his stomach in left side. Udham Singh remained quiet for several minutes and then again said: "Only one dead eh'. I thought I could get more. I must have been too slow. There were a lot of women about, you know" Just after thirteen day of the Caxton Hall firing ,on 1 April 1940, Udham Singh was formally charged with the murder of Michael O'Dwyer. On 4 June 1940, he was committed to trial, at the Central Criminal Court, Old Bailey, before Justice Atkinson. When the court asked about his name, he replied "Ram Mohammad Singh Azad", which Singh believed would demonstrate his transcendence of race, caste, creed, and religion. Singh explained his actions to the court at his trial:He did it because he had a grudge against him. He deserved it.Atkinson sentenced him to death. On 31st July 1940, Udham Singh was hanged at Pentonville Prison. As with other executed prisoners, he was buried later that afternoon within the prison grounds. In March 1940, Indian National Congress leaders, including Jawahar Lal Nehru and Mahatama Gandhi, condemned the action of Udham Singh as senseless, but in 1962, Nehru did an about-turn and applauded Singh with the following statement in the daily Partap: "I salute Shaheed-e-Azam Udham Singh with reverence who had kissed the noose so that we may be free.". In July 1974, Udham Singh's remains were exhumed and repatriated to India at the request of S. Sadhu Singh Thind an MLA from Sultanpur Lodhi at that time. He asked Indira Gandhi to force the then British Government to hand over Udham Singh's remains to India. Sadhu Singh Thind himself went to England as a special envoy of Indian Government and brought back the remains of the Shaheed. He was given a martyr's reception. Among those who received his casket at Delhi airport were Shankar Dayal Sharma, then president of the Congress Party, and Zail Singh, then chief minister of Punjab, both of whom later went on to become Presidents of India. Indira Gandhi, the prime minister, also laid a wreath. He was later cremated in his birthplace of Sunam in Punjab and his ashes were immersed in the Ganga river. References:-Savtantantra Sangram Ke Mahabalidani Udham Singh by Dr.Rajpal Singh Raj Rajlaxmi Prakashan Brahmpuri Delhi-53 1) www.serchsikhism.com 2) Wikipedia 3) KambojSociety.com, and 4. Jhooth Na Bol PandeHindi Book by Sardar Gurnam Singh Mukatsar Punjab